Insights
What the statute says. What actually happens.
Foreign Military Sales and the programs around it, from a partner government’s first written request through to what happens after delivery. Three hundred forty one pieces in five areas, every statement tied to the statute, the manual section or the official page behind it.
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Foreign Military Sales5 Letters of Request3 Eligibility and Scope of Sale3 Pricing, Payment and Billing3 Case Changes and Reviews3 Case Closure2 Financing and the Trust Fund3 Writing the Agreement3 Multinational Sales3 Case Development Controls3 Before the Case Is Written3 Line Level Financial Review3 Contracting for a Case3 Cooperative Programs and Contributions3 Pricing Services and Support3 Procurement Pricing and Waivers2 Billing and Cost Recovery3 Standby Letters of Credit3 Executing and Reconciling a Case3 Problems, Reductions and Closure3 Leases and Other Sales3 Preparing the Offer4 Pricing Articles and Offers5 Paying for a Case5 Sole Source, Changes and Secrecy4 Assistance Procurement and Claims3 Buy American for Supplies4 Construction and Overseas Content3 Specialty Metals and Covered Materials4 Domestic Source Restrictions4Funding and appropriated programs
Foreign Military Financing5 Authorities and Funding3 Building Partner Capacity3 Humanitarian and Disaster Aid4 Budget, Forecasting and Audit3 Writing a Capacity Building Case3 Grant Money and Program Changes3 Humanitarian Project Rules3 Military Assistance Authorities3 Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism and Cyber3 Military Engagement Authorities3 Trust Fund Accounting3 Cash Management2 Financial Controls and Records3 Surcharge Accounts and Reviews3 Running Humanitarian Programs2 Case Accounting5 Running a Capacity Program3 Humanitarian Money and Cargo5 Allied Arrangements and Special Funds3 Assistance Funds and Property3 Assistance Reports and Limits3Controlling what transfers
Technology Transfer and Export Control5 End Use Monitoring5 Excess Defense Articles3 Offsets3 Sensitive Systems and Export Compliance3 Classifying Defense Articles3 Commercial Export Licenses3 Defense Services Agreements3 Licensing Exemptions3 Brokering Controls3 Violations and Penalties4 Registration and Reporting2 Assistance Program Controls2 Munitions List: Weapons6 Munitions List: Platforms4 Munitions List: Electronics5 Munitions List: Training and Protection3 Release Gates for Sensitive Systems2 Country Policy and the Treaties5 Licenses From Application to Revocation5 ITAR Definitions and Technical Data5 Terrorism and Missile Controls4 Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Sanctions3Moving and delivering
Transportation and Delivery5 Shipping and Claims3 Logistics and Discrepancies3 Acquisition and Cross-Servicing3 Delivering Capacity Building Equipment3People and offices
International Training4 International Students3 Offices and People3 Systems and Data3 Teams in Country3 Manpower and Training Costs3 Inside the Embassy Office3 Regional Centers and Institutes4 Security Cooperation Administration3 Academies and Partner Schools2 Planning Grant Aid and the IMET Year4 International Students in Practice4 Other Training Routes2 Pricing Training5 Training Plans and Reports3 Assistance Personnel and Participants3 Contractors in Operational Areas5 Private Security Contractors3 Operational Contract Support3 Contractor Deployment Cycle4 Contractor Conduct and Liability3Buying and selling
Foreign Military Sales
The program through which partner governments buy defense articles and services from the United States rather than from a company.
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What Foreign Military Sales is and who takes part
The statutory authority, the division of responsibility between the State and Defense departments, how eligibility is decided, and what the published figures actually measure.
02Foreign Military Sales or Direct Commercial Sales
Who holds the contract in each route, who issues the export license, what the manual says about neutrality, and which items are restricted to the government to government channel.
03How an FMS case is built, from request to agreement
The Letter of Request, the three kinds of answer a purchaser can ask for, the response times the manual actually publishes, and the difference between an amendment and a modification.
04Congressional notification of arms sales under 36(b)
The statutory thresholds and review periods, the informal review that precedes them, and why the dollar figure in a published notification is a ceiling rather than a price.
05How a US company supplies a Foreign Military Sale
Who holds the contract, which organizations run a case, how the ordinary acquisition rules apply, where a foreign customer's influence stops, and what the surcharge is.
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Letters of Request
The front door of the system, and the part most often got wrong. Three pieces on the work that happens before a request is written, the three kinds of answer that can come back and what each one commits the parties to, and what actually sits inside the offer document.
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Before a letter of request
An optional phase with no clock, a document the buyer never sees, and the two words that decide the timetable.
02The three kinds of answer to a letter of request
Two estimates that commit nobody, one document that commits everybody, and the clocks behind each.
03Inside the letter of offer and acceptance
Three case types, three definitions of scope, and the terms that freeze on the day it is signed.
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Eligibility and Scope of Sale
Two questions that are settled before any of the process begins, and are answered by statute rather than by policy. Three pieces on how a country becomes eligible and how it stops being eligible, what the program will sell and on what terms, and the short list of things it will not sell at all.
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Who may buy, and how eligibility works
Four findings, one institutional rule, and a published list of ways a country can lose the right to buy.
02What may be purchased, and on what terms
The condition of what arrives, the support that outlives American service, and the items that move only one way.
03What may not be purchased, and the exceptions
A short list of genuine bans, a longer list of approval gates, and the test that decides what counts as a police unit.
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Pricing, Payment and Billing
The financial side of a case, which is settled before anything is ordered. Three pieces on the term of sale and the commitment behind it, how payment schedules and quarterly billing actually work, and the charges that sit on top of the price along with the few that can be waived.
Open Pricing, Payment and Billing as its own page
Terms of sale and the dependable undertaking
The promise that replaces cash up front, how it is granted and withdrawn, and the two secured alternatives.
02Payment schedules, billing and late payment
Four dates a year, a deposit built from several parts, and the document that actually states what is owed.
03What goes into the price, and what can be waived
Four charges that account for most of the difference between cost and price, and the only one that is negotiable.
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Case Changes and Reviews
A case runs for years, and the document it started as rarely survives intact. Three pieces on the two instruments that change a case and the one question that picks between them, the reviews that keep a long program honest, and what happens when a program is stopped or ended.
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Amendments and modifications
Two instruments, one test, and the changes that cannot be made with either.
02Case reviews and how often they happen
Five levels of review, the annual floor, and the one that arrives as a document rather than a meeting.
03Suspension, cancellation and what each one stops
Three different stoppages, the ones that keep running anyway, and what cancelling a case costs.
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Case Closure
What it takes to finish a case, and what happens to the money that is left. Two pieces on the reconciliation and closure sequence and the statuses it runs through, and on the deadlines, the suspense account and the one date in this area that is genuinely fixed.
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How a case is reconciled and closed
The status everything turns on, the two regimes, and the decision that only the buying government can make.
02Closure deadlines and what happens to leftover funds
Two clocks measured from different points, a pooled account that limits refunds, and one date that is not a target.
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Financing and the Trust Fund
A purchase has to be paid for before it is delivered, which raises three questions the manual answers separately. Three pieces on the instruments a partner can pay with, the credit the United States will and will not extend, and the account the money sits in between payment and delivery.
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Paying with a bank letter of credit
An instrument that changes who sends the money, and not one dollar of what is owed.
02Foreign military sales credit and who may receive it
One authority lends to the buyer, another protects the lender, and a published list closes both.
03The trust fund, and getting money back out of it
Paid in advance, held in one account, and released only against cash that is genuinely free.
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Writing the Agreement
Three pieces on how the agreement itself is written: the house rules a drafter of a Letter of Offer and Acceptance works to in DSAMS, what changes when a signed case has to be altered and how the scope test decides which instrument is used, and the approvals that have to reach the CTS case file before an offer can go out at all.
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How a Letter of Offer and Acceptance is drafted
Fixed vocabulary, DSAMS fields, a standard note list, and when a document becomes a restated one.
02Changing a case, and the scope test
Scope decides the instrument, the description carries the reasoning, and old LOA notes are not repeated.
03The approvals a case has to carry
COMSEC needs NSA release, MTCR needs State, night vision needs a memorandum, EDA needs its notification.
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Multinational Sales
Three pieces on the two arrangements that let a group of allied and European countries buy together: lead nation procurement, where one buyer signs and passes the equipment on, agent sales, where NSPA or OCCAR buys as agent for named principals, and what has to happen before the equipment reaches any of them.
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When one nation buys for several
One lead nation signs, the group is named up front, and the technology drops to the lowest common denominator.
02Buying through an agent
NSPA or OCCAR signs as agent under code W7 or 7B, and one ineligible co principal sets the terms for all.
03Getting the equipment to the participants
Export first, three signed assurances, six months for night vision, and an agent that never takes title.
Buying and selling
Case Development Controls
Three pieces on the controls applied while a case is being written: the pre-case review (PCR) held before the document is submitted, the CPOHOLD milestone that takes stopped time out of the performance measurement, and the coordination and countersignature sequence through MILSGN, the Case Tracking System (CTS) and the state department.
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The review before the document is written
A pre-case review (PCR) on a large or sensitive case, with the contractor in the room only briefly and the papers off the screen.
02Putting a case on hold
An ordinary hold keeps counting against the clock; only an approved CPOHOLD takes the time out of the measurement.
03How a case gets countersigned
Three approvals through MILSGN, the Case Tracking System (CTS) and the state department before countersignature, with a 24 hour upload rule.
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Before the Case Is Written
Three pieces on what happens before a case is drafted: acquisition planning and the survey teams sent to define a requirement, the advisory memorandum and unique reviews triggered by particular items, the warning owed to a partner buying a system that has not completed operational test and evaluation (OT&E), and the MASL entry and request milestones that gate drafting.
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Planning and advice before a request
Survey teams, studies cases, and the eighteen item list that triggers an LOR advisory before any price is given.
02Buying a system still in testing
An operational test and evaluation (OT&E) incomplete case note, plus a written warning with every price sent to someone able to sign.
03Naming the item, and the clock on a request
A MASL entry has to exist before an item can be sold, and the request clock starts on receipt or on actionable.
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Line Level Financial Review
Three pieces on the financial detail of a case line: how equipment sold from American stock is priced depending on whether it will be replaced, the touched and untouched line review that every amendment triggers along with the logistics support charge (LSC) and coding rules, and the two arrangements used when one buyer paying cash does not fit, cost sharing and risk assessed payment schedules (RAPS).
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Pricing equipment sold from stock
Intent to replace decides the price, with depreciation, a functional equivalent test, and a warning where price exceeds value.
02Line level review of a case
Touched lines are repriced in full including the logistics support charge (LSC), while an error on an untouched line is logged for later.
03Sharing cost, and paying under assessment
Cost sharing spreads one article across separate agreements at a pro rata share, while a risk assessed schedule (RAPS) deposits the termination liability.
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Contracting for a Case
Three pieces on the contracting space around a case: how far a partner government may take part in negotiation and what a redacted statement of work is for, the disclosure and approval rules that govern agent fees and sales commissions before contract award, and the diversion, return and buy back provisions that move equipment against the usual direction of travel.
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What a buyer may say about the contract
A buyer may shape specifications but may not direct source selection, reject a bid, or reach into subcontract placement.
02Agents, commissions and contingent fees
A contingent fee is named, quantified and approved by the buyer before award, or it is not an allowable cost.
03Diversions, returns and buy backs
A diversion is approved at agency director level against a readiness test, and a buy back is a fresh procurement rather than a new case.
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Cooperative Programs and Contributions
Three pieces on cooperative programs: cooperative research and development agreements with side-by-side testing and equipment loans, cooperative projects under the Arms Export Control Act with their contracting waivers, and foreign contributions, burden sharing and host country support.
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Cooperative research and development agreements
Cooperative R&D agreements with NATO, allies, the EU and friendly countries require equitable cost sharing, and side-by-side testing can count as competition.
02Cooperative projects under the Arms Export Control Act
AECA section 27 cooperative projects share full cost equitably, bar workshare demands outside the agreement, and need a numbered certification 30 days before signing.
03Foreign contributions and burden sharing
Partner project contributions pay only the partner’s share, and burden sharing cash funds local staff, construction, supplies and support for forces abroad.
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Pricing Services and Support
Three pieces on Chapter 7 of Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: pricing civilian, military and foreign national personnel, pricing and financing cooperative logistics supply support arrangements, and pricing storage, repair, facility use and publications.
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How personnel services are priced
Civilians are priced at current salary plus published factors, military members at composite rates, and actual costs are preferred throughout.
02How a supply support arrangement is priced
A 5 percent one-time surcharge on the on-hand portion, 1.5 percent storage on non-fund items, and equity valued at the cash deposited.
03Pricing storage, repair, facilities and publications
Storage at 1.5 percent a year after 15 days, repair on a job order basis, shared facilities pro rata, and publications at incremental cost.
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Procurement Pricing and Waivers
Two pieces on Chapter 7 of Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: pricing new procurement for cash sales, including contract administration, furnished material and interest penalties, and cost recoupment waivers, fair pricing exclusions, pricing exceptions and unit training exchanges.
Open Procurement Pricing and Waivers as its own page
Pricing a new procurement for a sale
Full contract cost on the same cost principles as for American use, CAS waivers that are never retroactive, and final prices sought within 180 days.
02Waivers, exclusions and pricing exceptions
A waiver forgoes a cost while an exception changes how it is measured, and grant cases exclude military pay and nonrecurring costs.
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Billing and Cost Recovery
Three pieces on Chapter 8 of Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: the billing statement, delivery listing and adjustment requests, how contract administration costs are billed, and how transportation, packing and handling costs are recovered.
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The billing statement and delivery listing
The DD 645 is an official claim for payment, the delivery listing lets buyers check receipt, and adjustments go through the Report of Discrepancy.
02How contract administration costs are billed
Monthly certified SF 1080 bills, allocation by hours or disbursement ratios, and a DCMA command rate set by August 1 each year.
03How transportation costs are billed
Actual transport is paid from the surcharge account, some costs ride in the article price, and bills of lading for fund stock never cite the trust fund.
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Standby Letters of Credit
Three pieces on section C9.9.1.5.4 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: what a standby letter of credit for termination liability is and who may use one, how it is applied for, accepted and put in place, and how DSCA draws on it, adjusts it and closes it out.
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The standby letter of credit for termination liability
A bank’s independent undertaking to DSCA that offsets termination liability, open to dependable undertaking partners but not to FMF grant users.
02Setting up a standby letter of credit
An invitation or a request, a complete application, a signed decision from the CFO, formal acceptance on three documents, then revised payment schedules.
03Drawing on and ending a standby letter of credit
A single demand document is enough, each drawing reduces what is left, and the amount is checked every quarter against termination liability.
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Executing and Reconciling a Case
Three pieces on chapters 6, 9 and 16 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: routine, emergency and delayed implementation and the duty to warn partners of delays, delivery and performance reporting, and execution phase reconciliation.
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Implementing a case and warning of delays
Implementation waits for signature and deposit unless DSCA approves an emergency, and serious delays must be coordinated before a partner is told.
02Delivery reporting on a case
Deliveries and work in process are reported within 30 days, shipping papers for major end items within 15, and every estimated bill becomes actual before closure.
03Reconciling an active case
Reconciliation starts at implementation, every case is reviewed each year on a signed checklist, and contracts are the hardest part.
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Problems, Reductions and Closure
Three pieces on chapter 16 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: problem disbursements, adverse conditions, late payments and write-offs, supply and services complete and case reductions, and closure priorities, unliquidated obligations and reporting.
Open Problems, Reductions and Closure as its own page
Problem disbursements and unpaid bills on an active case
Unmatched payments have 120 days to be fixed, unpaid bills of $1 million or more are chased at 30, 60 and 90 days, and write-offs are capped.
02Supply complete, and reducing a case
SSC turns on delivery, services, warranties and storage, and residual value above set thresholds is reduced or kept open only on written instructions.
03Closure priorities, certification and reporting
Focus cases close first, a case must be fully collected before it can close, and DSCA sets closure goals within 30 days of each fiscal year.
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Leases and Other Sales
Three pieces on the Arms Export Control Act and the manuals that apply it: leasing defense articles, section 30 sales to American companies and design and construction sales, and the general provisions on procurement, surveys and administrative expenses.
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Leasing defense articles
A lease needs compelling reasons, costs the lessee depreciation, lasts at most five years plus refurbishment, and larger ones can be blocked by Congress.
02Section 30 sales and construction services
Articles sold to a company for its commercial export, with services only in the United States, and construction sold at full cost through a construction agent.
03Procurement, surveys and administrative expenses
Special emphasis on buying in the United States, a cap of $86,500 a year on hospitality, and surveys that commit the United States to nothing.
Buying and selling
Preparing the Offer
Four pieces on chapters 4 and 5 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: how an offer is prepared, the support terms it must state and how it may be changed, how the United States responds to international competitions, and what goes into a 36(b) notification package.
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Preparing an offer
Offers are built in DSAMS by the implementing agencies, with the purchaser involved early and personnel, schedules and work statements spelled out.
02Support terms and pen and ink changes in an offer
An offer states configuration, spares and support terms, may hold a limited reserve line, and can be changed by pen and ink only within limits.
03International competitions
A foreign solicitation can become a letter of request, the government stays neutral between American bids, and P&A data are for planning only.
04Preparing a 36(b) notification package
The package separates what Congress receives from what DSCA uses for processing, and keeps published text free of controlled information.
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Pricing Articles and Offers
Five pieces on Chapter 7 of FMR Volume 15: estimating prices on an offer, pricing items sold from stock, excess articles and firm prices, the nonrecurring cost charge, and pricing duties and above-the-line costs.
Open Pricing Articles and Offers as its own page
How prices are estimated on an offer
An estimate on the offer, an exact price on the bill, and the accessorial and transportation charges that sit between them.
02How items sold from stock are priced
Working capital fund items, articles that will not be replaced, and the order of measures for articles that will.
03Pricing excess articles and firm prices
Excess articles sold as is at the highest of three values, firm prices that hold if the offer is accepted in time, and the development charge.
04How the nonrecurring cost charge is calculated
Research and production cost pools divided by benefiting units, with rules for revisions, billing and special costs.
05Pricing duties and above-the-line costs
One price per article or service, a case manager for every active case, and the line between routine and extra support.
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Paying for a Case
Five pieces on Chapter 9 of the SAMM: funding work before a case exists, how payment schedules are built, purchaser-requested and revised schedules, special billing arrangements, and keeping the dependable undertaking.
Open Paying for a Case as its own page
Paying for work before a case exists
Surcharge money with an eight percent cap, notices to DSCA, partner funding for non-standard items, and refunds once a case is signed.
02How a payment schedule is built
Line-level data rolled up to the case, curves for each kind of line, and the termination liability inside each payment.
03Requested and revised payment schedules
A schedule the purchaser asks for, tested against the standard, and the rules for revising schedules as a case changes.
04Special billing arrangements
A second official bill for partners with a strong payment record, and why the offer’s payment schedule still matters.
05Keeping and losing the dependable undertaking
Who approves the term, how exceptions work, how status is monitored, and the steps when a partner stops paying.
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Sole Source, Changes and Secrecy
Four pieces on Chapters 4, 5 and 6 of the SAMM: sole source designations, what a modification may change, changing a sale Congress has already seen, and classified cases.
Open Sole Source, Changes and Secrecy as its own page
When a buyer names the supplier
The international agreement exception, who may ask and when, where it cannot be used, and the note that records it.
02What a modification may change
Examples of allowable changes, the extra checks on older-rate lines, and the rules on token-value lines.
03Changing a sale Congress has already seen
Upgrades that need a new notice, one notice for several cases, when an offer may go out, and who prepares the package.
04When a sales case is classified
An unclassified default, a high bar for buyer requests, four deciding factors, and how a case is written outside the case system.
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Assistance Procurement and Claims
Three pieces on the general provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act: procurement sources, contracting authority, and false claims and patent remedies.
Open Assistance Procurement and Claims as its own page
Where assistance funds may buy
Permitted procurement sources, case-by-case exceptions, construction services, bulk prices, marine insurance, shipping and small business.
02Contracting authority and the five-year limit
Grants and loans, who may be contracted, the five-year term limit, contract authority, lending powers and participant support.
03False claims, improper payments and patent claims
False claim penalties, how the government recovers, reports on improper payments and extortion, and patent and data claims.
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Buy American for Supplies
Four pieces on FAR subparts 25.1 and 25.4 and DFARS 252.225-7001: the domestic content test, the exceptions, cost reasonableness, and trade agreements.
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What makes an end product domestic
Scope of the supply rule, the two-part test, iron and steel products, small business, how the Defense clause counts components, and COTS.
02When Buy American does not apply to supplies
Five exceptions, public interest, class and individual nonavailability, the no-determination case, cost, resale, IT and the nonavailable list.
03Pricing a domestic offer against a foreign one
When cost reasonableness arises, the 20 and 30 percent factors, the 55 percent fallback, critical items, rising thresholds and limits.
04How trade agreements affect federal purchases
The waiver for eligible products, exclusions, excluded services, thresholds, leases, options and splitting, the purchase restriction and procedures.
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Construction and Overseas Content
Three pieces on FAR subpart 25.2 and DFARS subpart 225.75: domestic construction materials, requests and noncompliance, and the Balance of Payments Program.
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Domestic construction materials in US projects
Scope, the domestic material test, contracts spanning increases, four exceptions, listing and public findings, and preaward requests.
02Construction material requests and noncompliance
Offers with foreign material, the 20 percent addition, critical items and alternate offers, requests after award, and noncompliance.
03The Balance of Payments Program overseas
Scope, exceptions before solicitation, best-fit determinations, exceptions after offers and in the public interest, and the construction clauses.
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Specialty Metals and Covered Materials
Four pieces on DFARS 225.7003, 225.7018 and clauses 252.225-7008 and 7009: the rule, the exceptions, waivers and determinations, and covered materials.
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What counts as a specialty metal
The restriction, what counts as a specialty metal, melted or produced, the end item clause, the clause for items containing metal, and clause use.
02Exceptions to the specialty metals rule
Category exceptions, electronic components, COTS items and limits, when COTS stays excepted, fasteners and qualifying countries, and minimal content.
03Specialty metals waivers and determinations
Nonavailability determinations, single and class determinations, commercial derivative articles, purchase tests, the waiver and flowdown.
04Magnets, tantalum and tungsten from covered countries
Covered materials, the regimes before and after 2027, exceptions including COTS and recycled magnets, nonavailability, and the clause.
Buying and selling
Domestic Source Restrictions
Four pieces on DFARS 225.7002, 225.7004, 225.7009 to 225.7013, 225.7017 and 225.7102: Berry, the industrial base, narrow restrictions and solar devices.
Open Domestic Source Restrictions as its own page
Berry Amendment food, clothing and textiles
What the rule restricts, tools and the flag, value and nonavailability, operations abroad, fibers, food and seafood, and the clauses.
02Items tied to the national industrial base
The rule, items covered, exceptions, naval vessel components and anchor chain, waivers including the 150 percent test, and clauses.
03Bearings, steel plate, forgings and shipyards
Ball and roller bearings, carbon, alloy and armor steel plate, supercomputers, forgings, and vessels and foreign shipyards.
04Solar devices in Defense energy and housing contracts
Why solar devices have a rule, covered contracts and ownership, the domestic requirement, unreasonable cost, trade agreements, and the clause.
Funding and appropriated programs
Foreign Military Financing
United States money used to pay for a partner government’s purchase. Five notes on the authority behind it, whether it is a grant or a loan, where it may be spent, what it changes about the price of a case, and how it is appropriated each year.
Open Foreign Military Financing as its own page
What Foreign Military Financing is and who runs it
The authority, the delegation chain, how the money reaches a case, the purchases it is steered away from, and the annual report that sets the following year up.
02Grant financing, loans and guaranties
The statutory twelve year repayment period and five percent interest floor, the annual proviso that turns credit into grant, and why loan guaranties need their own legislation.
03Where Foreign Military Financing may be spent
The offshore procurement bar and its waiver, the content test that catches American companies, the flag rules on transport, and the ceiling on commercial contracts.
04What non-repayable funding changes on a case
The pricing exception that applies only to a wholly non-repayable case, the repricing trap on amendments, and what the funding source does to offset recovery.
05How Foreign Military Financing is appropriated and notified
The annual appropriation and what its provisos permit, the February estimate to Congress, the separate notification for financed cases above $100 million, and how to read the figures.
Funding and appropriated programs
Authorities and Funding
The legal architecture underneath every transfer, and the reason two similar programs can behave completely differently. Three pieces on the difference between security cooperation and security assistance, who holds which authority across the American government, and where the money comes from and when it stops being available.
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Security cooperation and security assistance
Not synonyms. One is a set of Title 22 programs; the other is everything the defense department does.
02Who holds which authority
The decisions that stop a sale, the offices that execute one, and the department nobody expects to be involved.
03Where the money comes from, and when it runs out
Two titles, two moments of obligation, and a date after which the funds are simply gone.
Funding and appropriated programs
Building Partner Capacity
Security cooperation paid for with American appropriations rather than by the partner receiving it. Three pieces on what changes when there is no purchaser, the standing authority behind most of this work, and the fiscal calendar a case has to finish inside.
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What Building Partner Capacity is and who the customer is
The definition, the American money behind it, the unsigned signature block, and the separate agreement that carries the recipient's obligations.
02Section 333, the authority to build partner capacity
The nine mission types, the required human rights and institutional elements, the construction cap, and the notice and wait before anything starts.
03How a BPC case runs and closes on appropriated money
The 60 day development standard, the 120 day delivery target, the charges that do not apply, and the 31 July closure deadline.
Funding and appropriated programs
Humanitarian and Disaster Aid
The humanitarian, disaster and civic aid appropriation and the five statutes it runs under. Four pieces on what it may fund, how a project is proposed and approved, mine action and excess property transfers, and how donated cargo and disaster relief actually move.
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What OHDACA funds and the authorities behind it
The five authorities and their programs, the sectors work is sorted into, the exclusions, and the $5 million notice to Congress.
02How a humanitarian assistance project is approved
The nomination route from embassy to command, the budget ceilings and priority groups, the construction rules, and the ten percent cost tolerance.
03Humanitarian mine action and excess property transfers
The country plans behind mine action, the rule that makes it a training program, and the picklist and wash post mechanics of an excess property donation.
04Moving donated supplies and responding to a disaster
The funded and space available transport programs and their limits, and the three routes by which disaster assistance may be provided at all.
Funding and appropriated programs
Budget, Forecasting and Audit
Three pieces on the enterprise side of the accounts: how the administrative budget is built and defended each year, how the government counts the sales it expects before they happen, and what it means that these accounts are now audited annually.
Open Budget, Forecasting and Audit as its own page
How the administrative budget is built
Two rounds of briefings that decide nothing, and three business days to argue with the one that does.
02The forecast, and the Javits report to Congress
Counted from the embassies upward, and read in Congress before a single notification is made.
03Auditing the security assistance accounts
A statutory duty from 1990 that only reached these accounts in 2022, and the paperwork it created.
Funding and appropriated programs
Writing a Capacity Building Case
Three pieces on the front half of a Title 10 capacity building program: the planning cycle and the approved language an embassy office may use before anything is approved, the case identifier, request record and line construction rules that make a grant case auditable, and the severable and non-severable service tests that decide how training and services can be funded at all.
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Planning a grant funded program
Planning runs on the command cycle, assistance can be diverted to another partner up to title transfer, and the manual publishes the exact words an officer may use.
02Writing a capacity building case
One benefitting partner to a line, a six position case identifier, munitions list articles on their own lines, and none of the surcharges a sales case carries.
03Services and training on a grant case
Severability decides how a service is funded, a project order dies if work has not begun by January, and construction is out of scope entirely.
Funding and appropriated programs
Grant Money and Program Changes
Three pieces on the money side of a Title 10 capacity building program: the notification and obligation deadlines that govern when funds can be committed, the prior year adjustment and closure adjustment routes for changing or closing a case after the appropriation has expired, and the redirection and disposal provisions for equipment bought for a partner that will not receive it.
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Obligating money on a grant case
Requisitions within thirty days, basic contracting obligated within six months, and funds that must be returned if the period of availability closes.
02Amending a grant funded case
Expired funds can settle old business but buy nothing new, and a prior year adjustment is the only route to change a case after the period of availability.
03Redirecting equipment to another partner
Procured but untransferred equipment can be redirected or disposed of, and the new partner must accept it in as is condition.
Funding and appropriated programs
Humanitarian Project Rules
Three pieces on the rules governing projects paid for from the humanitarian and disaster aid appropriation: the humanitarian purpose, sustainment and security force tests a project must pass before approval, the attendance and location rules that govern funded training, and the ten percent margin, scope change and rollover routes for a project that grows or cannot be delivered on time.
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What makes a humanitarian project fundable
Civilians must be the primary beneficiary, sustainment must be local, and project splitting is prohibited at any size.
02Training on a humanitarian project
Everyone in the room other than instructors is receiving assistance, self-funded or not, and a formal school course cannot be paid for at all.
03Changing a humanitarian project
Ten percent of within scope growth is absorbed locally, new scope is paid from current year money, and a rollover lasts two years at most.
Funding and appropriated programs
Military Assistance Authorities
Three pieces on the Foreign Assistance Act as codified: the purposes, use limits and loan conditions of the military assistance program, the section 506 drawdown authorities and peacekeeping operations assistance, and the Part III powers of delegation, supplier debarment, fund transfer and special waiver.
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The military assistance program in the statute
Military assistance under FAA Part II may be granted or loaned, loans need five conditions and last no more than five years, and every decision weighs three arms control risks.
02Drawdowns and peacekeeping assistance
Section 506 drawdowns are capped at $100 million a year for emergencies and $200 million for other programs, need prior notice to Congress, and may use cheaper commercial transport.
03Delegation, debarment and waiver powers
The FAA prefers private contractors for technical assistance, debars suppliers for up to three years for bribery or fraud, and caps the section 614 waiver each year.
Funding and appropriated programs
Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism and Cyber
Three pieces on Parts VIII to X of the Foreign Assistance Act’s military assistance and sales subchapter: nonproliferation and export control assistance with its interdiction share and conventional weapons destruction, antiterrorism assistance for foreign law enforcement, and the cyberspace, digital connectivity and related technologies fund.
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Nonproliferation and export control assistance
Nonproliferation and export control assistance reserves at least a quarter for detecting and interdicting proliferation cargo, and the Secretary of State may secure or destroy MANPADS abroad.
02Antiterrorism assistance for foreign law enforcement
Antiterrorism assistance (ATA) trains foreign law enforcement, caps equipment at 30 percent of annual funds, allows arms only if directly related, and places coordination with the Secretary of State.
03Cyberspace and digital connectivity assistance
The CDT Fund lets the Secretary of State build partner cybersecurity and ICT capacity, including incident response teams, with $150 million authorized over five years from October 2023.
Funding and appropriated programs
Military Engagement Authorities
Three pieces on chapter 16 of title 10: defense personnel exchanges, partner and liaison officer expenses and awards, training and exercises with foreign forces including special operations forces, and support for designated operations with ministry of defense advisors.
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Personnel exchanges and liaison officers
Defense personnel exchange agreements, partner expenses for theater security cooperation, liaison officer expenses capped at $150,000 a year each, and awards and mementos.
02Training and exercises with foreign forces
Training with foreign forces must mainly train American forces, pays partner incremental expenses only for developing countries, and small-scale construction tops out at $2,000,000 a project.
03Operational support and ministry of defense advisors
Support for designated operations covers logistics, equipment loans, training and construction up to $450 million a year, and MoD advisors help build partner defense ministries.
Funding and appropriated programs
Trust Fund Accounting
Three pieces on Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: the Treasury accounts for sales, loans, grants and training, budget and obligational authority on a case, and the trust fund’s accounting for receivables, surcharges and bad debts.
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The Treasury accounts behind Foreign Military Sales
Account 11X8242 holds the trust fund, direct cite is the default for new buying, and separate accounts carry loans, FMF grants, IMET and deposits.
02Budget and obligational authority on a case
A case is implemented only after a signed LOA and any initial deposit arrive, and the approved OA Request becomes the reimbursable order.
03How the trust fund keeps its books
Surcharges are recorded as unearned revenue, a missed payment creates a receivable with interest, and uncollectible debts follow a set sequence.
Funding and appropriated programs
Cash Management
Two pieces on Chapter 4 of Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: who manages the cash, the order in which funding sources are used, outside accounts and expenditure authority, and the calculation of the cash advance, the termination liability reserve and contractor progress payments.
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Cash management in the trust fund
Payment comes before the work, one country’s cash cannot pay another’s bills, and most disbursements need expenditure authority obtained in the same month.
02How the cash advance on a case is calculated
The advance covers three months past each bill’s due date, plus potential termination costs, and the regulation disagrees with itself on the surcharge share.
Funding and appropriated programs
Financial Controls and Records
Three pieces on Chapters 3 and 6 of Volume 15 of the Financial Management Regulation: the uniform case file and records retention, accounting for administrative and embassy office funds, and year-end reviews, write-offs, Antideficiency Act violations and adverse financial conditions.
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The case file and how long it is kept
Each activity keeps a complete audit trail, the uniform folder has eighteen sections, and closed files may be retired but never destroyed.
02Accounting for administrative funds
One allotment per component, fiscal year identity for six years, and no deobligating old money to reuse it in a later year.
03Year end, write-offs and the Antideficiency Act
Unneeded authority is withdrawn by September 30, small imbalances can be written off, and the trust fund is treated as appropriated money.
Funding and appropriated programs
Surcharge Accounts and Reviews
Three pieces on chapters 9 and 14 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: the administrative surcharge account’s safety level, upper control and reviews, the contract administration and transportation accounts, and financial management reviews, business process reviews and the financial statements.
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Managing the administrative surcharge account
An eighteen-month floor and a five-year ceiling built from the appropriation ceiling, with annual, monthly and five-year reviews.
02The contract administration and transportation accounts
The CAS account holds three years of expenditures as its floor, the transportation account five years of history, and only transport is checked daily.
03Financial reviews and the financial statements
A review with the purchaser when needed, at least two joint reviews of agencies a year, and data calls that feed legal and contingent liabilities into the statements.
Funding and appropriated programs
Running Humanitarian Programs
Two pieces on chapter 12 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: DSCA and combatant command roles, the OHASIS project system and reports to Congress, and construction, cost estimating and the terms agreed with the partner.
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Managing and reporting humanitarian programs
DSCA manages the appropriation, the commands run regional programs, OHASIS holds the record, and several reports and notices go to Congress.
02Humanitarian construction and partner terms
Funded building sits on partner government land, meets local standards and is estimated in full, and the partner’s role is set out in writing.
Funding and appropriated programs
Case Accounting
Five pieces on FMR Volume 15: how a case is accounted for, the Planning Directive and OA request, the administrative surcharge, how supporting activities are reimbursed, and the accounting steps in closing a case.
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How a case is accounted for
Each case as an accounting unit, three sets of responsibilities, direct cite allotments and the budget execution rules.
02The Planning Directive and the OA request
Two cumulative working papers behind every case, and the annual budget for contract administration services.
03How the administrative surcharge is applied
A percentage charge on every case, fixed by the date a line was accepted, with minimums at closure and rules for waivers.
04How supporting activities are reimbursed
Formal orders and trust fund requisitions, the monthly Command Pay List, and the reports used to check what was paid.
05The accounting steps in closing a case
Closure that moves records rather than ending them, two procedures, interim and final closure, and returning grant money in time.
Funding and appropriated programs
Running a Capacity Program
Three pieces on Chapter 15 of the SAMM: the roles on a capacity building program, from gap analysis to sole source, and what happens after funds are obligated.
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Who does what on a capacity building program
Who holds the money, who sets the requirement, who carries out the work, and what the embassy office must record.
02From gap analysis to sole source on a capacity case
A role-based gap analysis, ranked shortfalls, a whole-package plan on a deadline, a feasibility check and the limits on sole source.
03After funds are obligated on a capacity case
Implementation, what the partner may be told, spending before funds cancel, late adjustments, and the ban on paying foreign taxes.
Funding and appropriated programs
Humanitarian Money and Cargo
Five pieces on Chapter 12 of the SAMM: obligating and returning OHDACA money, what it pays for, paying for disaster relief, donated cargo, and equipment for humanitarian projects.
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How OHDACA money is obligated and returned
Two years to obligate, monthly reports, an April review of expiring money, and firm July deadlines.
02What OHDACA pays for, cost by cost
Project costs, a short list of program costs, a longer list of exclusions, and limits on schools and infrastructure.
03Paying for foreign disaster relief
An authorization memo with limits, money from OHDACA and elsewhere, daily cost reports, airlift on an account code, and a 45-day closeout.
04Shipping donated humanitarian cargo
Transport only, a list of banned items, a set of donor documents, inspection, delivery and reporting back.
05Buying and shipping humanitarian project equipment
Check the excess catalog, plan the shipment, justify any airlift, give to institutions, and hand excess property over through State.
Funding and appropriated programs
Allied Arrangements and Special Funds
Three pieces on title 10 chapter 138 and chapter 5 of the Arms Export Control Act: support exchanges, NATO programs and contributions, and the acquisition fund.
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Exchanging support and medical care with allies
Communications support swaps, the European surface exchange program, patient movement agreements and medical cooperation.
02NATO support programs and foreign project contributions
Buying through NATO’s support agency, AWACS waivers, an ombudsman, NATO investment projects and relocation contributions.
03How the Special Defense Acquisition Fund works
A revolving fund to buy ahead of transfer, its sources of money, its cap, temporary use, carrying costs and sales cash rules.
Funding and appropriated programs
Assistance Funds and Property
Three pieces on the general provisions of the Foreign Assistance Act: allocation and reimbursement, retained and excess property, and administrative expenses.
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Allocating assistance funds to other agencies
Allocation and use of other agencies, reimbursement rules, letters of commitment, interim charging and services for relief agencies.
02Retained items, excess property and facilities abroad
Retention of assistance items, returned articles, excess property accounts and limits, shipment determinations and facilities abroad.
03What assistance administrative funds may pay for
Buildings, vehicles and aircraft, people and services, capped items, spending abroad, military administration and the American vehicle rule.
Funding and appropriated programs
Assistance Reports and Limits
Three pieces on Foreign Assistance Act oversight: the annual report and strategy, findings, notices and public data, and standing bars and termination.
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The annual assistance report and strategy
The annual report and its contents, dollar figures by country, other donors, the meaning of foreign assistance, and the strategy.
02Findings, notices and public assistance data
Written findings, public reports, online assistance data and when it is withheld, peace operation transfer notices and excess article reports.
03Standing bars, caps and winding up
Debts and defaults, the $100,000,000 caps, relations and dues, prior authorization and notice, and winding up terminated programs.
Controlling what transfers
Technology Transfer and Export Control
The approvals that decide whether a capability can be offered at all, and the rules that govern the information and the paperwork around it. Five pieces on how a release decision is made and when it starts, what disclosure of classified information requires, the licensing and customs position on an actual shipment, what a purchaser may be told and given in technical data, and the systems that carry their own named conditions.
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Technology transfer and how a release decision is made
The instruction the decision runs on, the categories that trigger a review, and the route that starts one before a request is filed.
02Disclosure of classified military information
The rule against implying an answer, the officials who can give one, and the agreement that has to exist before a conversation can happen.
03Export licenses and customs clearance on a shipment
The exemption that replaces a license, the conditions on it, and the party that still has to clear customs at both ends.
04Technical data and what a purchaser can be given
The definition and its two exclusions, the training boundary that runs through everything, and the separate tests for maintenance and for production.
05Anti-tamper and system specific release requirements
The plan that has to be approved 60 days before an offer, the presumption against certain transfers, and the two releases that gate a communications security sale.
Controlling what transfers
End Use Monitoring
The verification regime that follows United States defense equipment through a partner’s inventory to disposal. Five pieces on the statutory basis, the two tiers of monitoring, storage sites and inventories, in country visits, and the consent required to move anything on.
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What end use monitoring is and where it comes from
The undertakings a partner gives before a sale, the statute behind the program, the split between Golden Sentry and Blue Lantern, and the point at which responsibility moves.
02Routine and enhanced end use monitoring
The quarterly default, the categories routine checks cover, the three criteria behind an enhanced designation, and the annual review that can remove one.
03Storage site certification and serial number inventories
The rule that designated articles cannot go to an uncertified site, reciprocity between agencies, the annual hundred percent inventory, and the 72 hour and 30 day clocks.
04Golden Sentry visits, ratings and hostile environments
Familiarization, compliance assessment and focused verification visits, the four ratings, and the two kinds of hostile environment declaration that do very different things.
05Third party transfer and retransfer consent
Who authorizes a retransfer, the standard questionnaire, the assurances that are mandatory and non-negotiable, net proceeds on granted equipment, and the certification thresholds.
Controlling what transfers
Excess Defense Articles
Articles declared surplus to American force requirements and offered to partner governments by grant or by sale. Three pieces on what qualifies and who is eligible, the statutory conditions and ceilings, and what a recipient actually pays for.
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What excess defense articles are and who can get them
The inventory test behind the definition, the split between grant under section 516 and sale under section 21, and the annual justification that gates grant eligibility.
02The conditions on an excess defense articles transfer
The cumulative conditions, the industry test that applies to grants and sales alike, the $500 million annual ceiling, and the $7 million notification line.
03Who pays for an excess defense articles transfer
Free equipment and paid transport, the four conditions of the transport exception, storage charges after 60 days, and where title passes.
Controlling what transfers
Offsets
Industrial commitments a supplier accepts as a condition of a foreign customer’s purchase. Three pieces on what an offset is in regulation, how the United States treats the resulting costs, and what has to be reported and to whom.
What an offset is and who is party to it
The Commerce definition, direct against indirect, the sales that fall inside the regime, and the two agreements that run in parallel on a case.
02The United States position on offsets and cost recovery
The 1990 policy statement, full cost recovery on a cash or repayable case, no recovery on a grant financed one, and why indirect offset costs are deemed reasonable.
03Reporting offsets to the Bureau of Industry and Security
The $5 million agreement threshold and the $250,000 transaction threshold, the June filing date, what a prime reports for its subcontractors, and where the data goes.
Controlling what transfers
Sensitive Systems and Export Compliance
Three pieces on the controls that sit around sensitive equipment rather than around the sale itself: the certifications and releases an electronic warfare or identification system needs before an agreement can be offered, the escort and export filing rules that apply once classified materiel moves, and the sequence a compliance assessment visit follows from the annual schedule through to the corrective action report.
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Electronic warfare and friend or foe systems
An EW sale carries a mission data file drawn from the EWIRDB, and an IFF Mode 4/5 sale needs AIMS certification of both the equipment and the platform.
02Escorting classified cargo and filing the export
A cleared escort travels with classified freight, the AES filing produces an ITN that must appear on the documents, and exceeding exportable value gets a shipment seized.
03Planning a compliance visit, and reporting a violation
A CAV is scheduled two years out, scoped at ninety days, notified formally at sixty, and answered with a corrective action report within ninety days of the report.
Controlling what transfers
Classifying Defense Articles
Three pieces on classification under the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: the designation authority and the tests behind it, the commodity jurisdiction procedure and the regulation’s order of review, and the definitions of specially designed, form, fit and function that set the reach of the catch-all paragraphs.
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Who decides what is a defense article
The USML is set by State with Defense concurrence and changed only by formal amendment, unlisted items wait in Category XXI, and a civil end use does not take an item off.
02Commodity jurisdiction and the order of review
A commodity jurisdiction (CJ) request on Form DS-4076 gets a preliminary answer in 10 working days, needs no registration, and gives a formal determination where an advisory opinion does not.
03Specially designed and the terms that scope the list
The SME asterisk and MTCR (MT) marker carry legal weight, and the specially designed test has an inclusion limb and five releases, two of which need records kept at the time.
Controlling what transfers
Commercial Export Licenses
Three pieces on part 123 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: the destination, reexport and retransfer rules and the DSP-83 nontransfer certificate, temporary import and export licenses and the special rules for aircraft, vessels and satellites, and section 36(c) congressional certification alongside the exemptions of general applicability.
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Reexports, retransfers and end use assurances
Retransfer needs written approval, the invoice carries a set control statement, and no license for SME issues until the DSP-83 is received.
02Temporary licenses and special conveyances
A DSP-73 lasts under four years with no transfer of title, a DSP-61 cannot support a permanent import, and changing an aircraft's registration can be an export.
03Congressional certification and general exemptions
Section 36(c) certification starts at $14 million for major defense equipment, exemptions cover $500 spares, models and repeat trade show trips, and every shipment needs an EEI filing.
Controlling what transfers
Defense Services Agreements
Three pieces on part 124 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: what a manufacturing license or technical assistance agreement is and what the application must contain, the filing, termination and certification duties after approval, and the special rules for offshore procurement, warehousing and distribution, and satellite launches.
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What a defense services agreement is
A technical assistance agreement (TAA) or manufacturing license agreement (MLA) is needed before defense services are given, including training foreign forces, and $500,000 triggers a part 130 statement.
02Filing and ending a defense services agreement
A signed MLA or TAA is filed within 30 days, termination is notified 30 days ahead, and no transfer happens before a required DSP-83 is in.
03Offshore procurement, warehousing and space systems
Offshore procurement is limited to build-to-print data, distribution agreements cover a set territory, and satellite launch exports need control plans and monitoring paid for by the company.
Controlling what transfers
Licensing Exemptions
Three pieces on part 126 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: the exemption for transfers by or for the United States government, the Canadian exemptions, the trilateral exemption with Australia and the United Kingdom and expedited processing, and the comprehensive authorizations available for major projects and cooperative programs.
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The government and official use exemption
Transfers by or for a government agency can go without a license for four purposes, but not where the agency is only a transmittal agent, and an EEI filing is still required.
02Streamlined pathways for close allies
Canada has standing exemptions, trade among Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States can move without a license under five conditions, and expedited applications have 30 and 45 day review periods.
03Comprehensive authorizations for major programs
Major project, major program and global project authorizations can cover a whole program for up to 10 years, with electronic records of every export.
Controlling what transfers
Brokering Controls
Three pieces on part 129 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: the definitions of broker and brokering activities and the exemptions from registration, the transactions that need prior approval and the request contents, and the statement of registration, guidance requests and annual brokering reports.
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What counts as brokering
One occasion of brokering is enough, foreign-made items are covered, and carriers are exempt only if they do nothing beyond transport or forwarding.
02Getting approval for a brokering transaction
Brokering foreign defense articles or listed American weapons categories needs prior approval, valid for up to four years, and proscribed parties need approval even at the proposal stage.
03Broker filings, guidance and annual reports
Brokers renew on Form DS-2032 30 to 60 days before expiry, report key changes within five days, and file an annual report of every deal and the money involved.
Controlling what transfers
Violations and Penalties
Four pieces on parts 127 and 128 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations: the unlawful acts and the powers of customs officers, criminal and civil penalties with debarment and the presumption of denial, the voluntary disclosure policy, and the administrative procedure from charging letter to appeal.
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What counts as an export violation
Attempts, conspiracies and breached license terms are violations under ITAR part 127, a license holder answers for its agents abroad, and a conveyance used in an unlawful export can be forfeited.
02Penalties, debarment and the presumption of denial
Civil penalties reach the greater of $1,271,078 or twice the transaction value per violation, debarment generally runs three years, and approvals involving convicted persons face a presumption of denial.
03The voluntary disclosure policy
A voluntary disclosure may mitigate ITAR penalties if it reaches the Directorate first with senior management behind it, and the full disclosure must follow an initial notice within 60 days.
04How an export enforcement case is heard
An ITAR part 128 case starts with a charging letter, needs an answer within 30 days, is heard by an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ), and a settled case cannot be reopened or appealed.
Controlling what transfers
Registration and Reporting
Two pieces on the filings behind every defense trade license: registration under part 122 of the International Traffic in Arms Regulations, with its fee tiers, notices and record keeping, and the section 39 reporting of fees, commissions and political contributions under part 130, with the section 39A ban on offset incentive payments.
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Registering as a manufacturer or exporter
Manufacturers must register with DDTC on Form DS-2032 even if they never export, fees start at $3,000 and rise by tier, and a foreign takeover needs 60 days notice.
02Reporting fees, commissions and political contributions
Applicants report political contributions of $5,000 or more and fees or commissions of $100,000 or more on sales of $500,000 or more, and section 39A bars offset incentive payments.
Controlling what transfers
Assistance Program Controls
Two pieces on the controls in the Foreign Assistance Act that sit beside its grant authorities: stockpiles of defense articles for foreign use, section 515 security assistance personnel and major non-NATO ally designation, then the reprogramming rule, the document request lever and the annual reports on military assistance and training.
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Stockpiles, overseas staff and major non-NATO allies
War reserve stockpiles abroad are capped at $500 million a year through 2028, section 515 staff are limited to six in most countries, and MNNA designations need 30 days notice.
02Reporting to Congress on assistance programs
Reprogramming needs 15 days notice to four committees, unanswered GAO or committee document requests halt funds after 35 days, and the section 655 report is due 1 February.
Controlling what transfers
Munitions List: Weapons
Six pieces on 22 CFR 121.1: how the list is built and its two catch-all categories, then Category I firearms, Category II guns and armament, Category III ammunition, Category IV rockets, missiles and munitions, and Category V explosives and energetic materials.
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How the Munitions List is organized
Twenty-one categories built the same way, two catch-alls with no fixed contents, and Commerce entries that sit alongside.
02USML Category I: firearms
Caseless, fully automatic and fire control firearms and suppressors are Significant Military Equipment, and many parts are caught only if specially designed.
03USML Category II: guns and armament
Guns, howitzers, mortars and grenade launchers above .50 caliber, with integrated guns placed in the category of their carrier.
04USML Category III: ammunition and ordnance
Ammunition is listed by projectile, construction or packaging, with blank rounds, dummies and destroyed casings left out.
05USML Category IV: rockets, missiles and munitions
End items sorted by payload and range, launchers, power plants and warheads, then thirty parts entries and two special launch services.
06USML Category V: explosives and energetic materials
Seven families of substances identified mostly by name and CAS number, with performance tests for propellants and a rule for converted materials.
Controlling what transfers
Munitions List: Platforms
Four pieces on 22 CFR 121.1: Categories VI and XX on surface and submersible vessels, Category VII on ground vehicles and armored vehicles, Category VIII on aircraft, and Category XIX on gas turbine engines.
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USML Categories VI and XX: naval vessels
Warships by type or equivalent function, other vessels made military by what they carry, and submersibles including large uncrewed craft.
02USML Category VII: ground vehicles
Combat and armed vehicles, armored support vehicles and armor parts, with armored civilian vehicles left to the Commerce list.
03USML Category VIII: aircraft
Aircraft by mission and military designation, with parts listed for a named set of aircraft and a rule for shared parts.
04USML Category XIX: gas turbine engines
Engines caught by thrust and military features, named engines that switch regime when installed, and parts for a named engine list.
Controlling what transfers
Munitions List: Electronics
Five pieces on 22 CFR 121.1: Category XI in two parts on sonar, radar, electronic warfare, communications and components, Category XII in two parts on fire control, lasers, night vision, guidance and navigation, and Category XV on spacecraft.
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USML Category XI: sonar, radar and electronic warfare
Underwater sensing and communications, dozens of radar entries by capability, and electronic support, weapons fire detection and jamming.
02USML Category XI: communications, sensors and components
Communications systems caught by five tests, sensors and intelligence systems, and nineteen groups of electronic parts.
03USML Category XII: fire control, lasers and night vision
Fire control and aiming, lasers by wavelength and performance, and imaging systems, with a definition of military end user.
04USML Category XII: guidance, navigation and components
Navigation systems caught by drift and heading tests, military and encrypted GNSS receivers, and twenty-four groups of components.
05USML Category XV: spacecraft
Spacecraft listed by function whatever their label, with remote sensing thresholds, payload rules and carve-outs for data and passengers.
Controlling what transfers
Munitions List: Training and Protection
Three pieces on 22 CFR 121.1: Category IX on training equipment, simulators and military training, Category X on personal protective equipment with the section 123.17 body armor exemption, and Category XIII on materials, armor and cryptography.
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USML Category IX: training equipment and training
Training equipment and simulators, plus military training itself, which needs an approved agreement before it starts.
02USML Category X: personal protective equipment
Body armor, helmets and plates at NIJ RF3 or above, laser and flash protection, and a license-free route for personal body armor.
03USML Category XIII: materials, armor and cryptography
Military cryptography, advanced materials, armor measured by Em and NIJ levels, and concealment and signature reduction.
Controlling what transfers
Release Gates for Sensitive Systems
Two pieces on Chapter 3 of the SAMM: releasing secure communications and cryptographic equipment, and screening missile technology items and category I drones.
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Releasing secure communications equipment
The roles before a request, the release route by partner, the general release, and NSA’s authorization to sell.
02Screening missile technology and large drones
Trained reviewers, special rules for explosives and fuses, State approval, and a twenty-question assessment for the largest drones.
Controlling what transfers
Country Policy and the Treaties
Five pieces on section 126.1 and the treaty sections 126.16 and 126.17 of the ITAR: the policy of denial, its country exceptions, and how treaty exports work.
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The ITAR policy of denial
Where the list comes from, which countries face a comprehensive denial, the Cyprus suspension, and the duty to report.
02Country exceptions to the policy of denial
The case-by-case openings for qualified countries, from protective gear to support for missions and recognized governments.
03How the defense trade treaties work
The two treaty sections, their own definitions, seven conditions for an export, the communities and the four end uses.
04Moving items within a treaty community
Transfers inside the community, what needs approval, deployed forces, who handles freight and moving licensed items onto a treaty.
05Marking and records for treaty exports
Treaty markings, the bill of lading statement, records, export filing codes, fees and notice to Congress.
Controlling what transfers
Licenses From Application to Revocation
Five pieces on the ITAR licensing machinery: authorizations, applications, export filing, denial and revocation, and special regimes.
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Authorizations and who may hold them
Approval before export, six kinds of authorization, eligibility, exemption conditions and records.
02What a license application must show
The signed letter, the parties, validity, the value margin, amendments and what may be disclosed.
03Filing export information for ITAR shipments
Electronic reporting, how far ahead to file, emergency shipments, technical data, license returns and mail.
04When a license is denied or revoked
Nine grounds for refusal, notice and reconsideration, revoked licenses, exceptions and voluntary disclosure.
05Suspensions, satellite parts and underwater vehicles
Temporary suspension and modification, the satellite component regime and an exemption for large underwater vehicles.
Controlling what transfers
ITAR Definitions and Technical Data
Five pieces on ITAR definitions and part 125: exports and releases, dual national employees, key terms, technical data licensing and its exemptions.
Open ITAR Definitions and Technical Data as its own page
What counts as an export under the ITAR
Six ways to export, deemed exports, reexports, retransfers, releases and the carve-outs, including two from 13 October 2026.
02Dual national and third-country national employees
American and foreign persons, regular employees, foreign ownership and control, and two routes for dual national staff.
03ITAR definitions that set the level of control
The ITAR terms that decide how tightly an item or transaction is controlled.
04Licensing technical data and classified exports
The public domain, when a license is needed, limits that travel with the data, classified exports and plant visits.
05The technical data exemptions
Where the exemptions stop, government requests, data tied to earlier approvals, travel, universities and bids.
Controlling what transfers
Terrorism and Missile Controls
Four pieces on sections 40, 40A and chapter 7 of the Arms Export Control Act: the terrorism ban for government and companies, and missile technology sanctions.
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How the terrorism ban binds the government
Five barred transactions, what happens to deals in progress, the two rescission routes and the limits of the ban.
02The terrorism ban for companies and its waiver
Four barred actions, subsidiaries and conduct abroad, the presidential waiver and its report, penalties and related bars.
03Missile licenses and sanctions on American persons
The missile list, referral to Defense, space launch reports, two sanction tiers, the presumption and the waiver.
04Missile sanctions on foreign persons
Who is covered, three tiers of sanction, carve-outs for regime adherents, advisory opinions, waivers and import ban exceptions.
Controlling what transfers
Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Sanctions
Three pieces on chapters 8 and 10 of the Arms Export Control Act: chemical and biological weapons sanctions, nuclear aid cutoffs and nuclear device sanctions.
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Sanctions for aiding chemical or biological weapons
Who is covered, which programs count, consultation first, procurement and import sanctions, exceptions and duration.
02Aid cutoffs for enrichment and reprocessing transfers
The assistance cut off, the enrichment and reprocessing triggers, the certifications that lift the bars and the 30-day override.
03Sanctions for nuclear explosive device transfers
Four triggering events, seven sanctions, a single delay, a waiver that needs Congress, and the design information path.
Moving and delivering
Transportation and Delivery
How defense materiel actually moves once a case is signed. Five pieces on where title passes, the codes and the agents that carry a shipment, the military distribution network, the flag rules on ocean and air movement, and the extra plan that classified and explosive cargo has to travel under.
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Title transfer and who carries the risk in transit
The default transfer point, the gap between title and possession, the four exceptions, and where the risk of loss lands.
02Delivery term codes and freight forwarders
The code that sets how far the Department carries a shipment, the agent the purchaser appoints, and the release codes that decide when cargo moves.
03The Defense Transportation System and delivery documents
The movement methods and their conditions, the address directory behind every shipment, and who may file a discrepancy report when something arrives wrong.
04Cargo preference and the rules on flag carriers
The statutory floor and the stricter policy above it, the 21 day deadline for a waiver, and the reporting clock that runs after loading.
05Transportation plans for classified and explosive cargo
The document that classified, sensitive and explosive cargo travels under, the routes that cannot be waived, and where such cargo may not be sent.
Moving and delivering
Shipping and Claims
What happens to defense cargo between a finished item and a delivered one, and what to do when it goes wrong. Three pieces on how shipments are packed, marked and insured, the code on the case that decides when a crate is released and what transport really costs, and the reports and permits that govern loss, damage and returns.
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Packaging, marking and insurance
A published packing standard, eight markings, and the reason an uninsured crate is the buyer's problem.
02Notices of availability and what transport costs
One letter on the case decides whether silence releases a crate or holds it, and who pays for the wait.
03When a shipment is lost, damaged or sent back
The report the buyer cannot file, the claim that depends on who booked the carrier, and two permits that catch programs out.
Moving and delivering
Logistics and Discrepancies
What happens between a signed case and a part arriving. Three pieces on the codes that decide whose requisition is filled first, the report a purchaser files when a shipment is short, damaged or wrong, and the arrangement that buys a standing position in American inventory.
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Priority of supply and force activity designators
The two codes that rank a requisition, the only party who can ask to change one, and the four routes an ordinary order can take.
02Supply discrepancy reports and the deadlines on them
The form, the clocks, the value thresholds, and the single office allowed to admit that something went wrong.
03Cooperative logistics supply support arrangements
An equity position bought in advance, the priority it earns, the wait before it works, and what leaving costs.
Moving and delivering
Acquisition and Cross-Servicing
Three pieces on chapter 138 of title 10: acquisition and cross-servicing agreements and what they cover, pricing, payment, liquidation and annual ceilings, and cooperative airlift, the ATARES program, reciprocal test facility use and the Overseas Workload Program.
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What an acquisition and cross-servicing agreement is
ACSAs let American forces and allies swap food, fuel, transport, spares and services, with 30 days notice for non-NATO partners and no commitment to hostilities.
02Paying for cross-servicing transactions
ACSA transactions settle by payment, replacement-in-kind or exchange, balances clear within 12 months, and ceilings lift for contingency and non-combat operations.
03Airlift, refueling, test ranges and overseas repair
Cooperative airlift, the ATARES program capped at 500 flight hours, shared test ranges at direct cost, and the Overseas Workload Program open to allied firms.
Moving and delivering
Delivering Capacity Building Equipment
Three pieces on chapter 15 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: how the implementing agency plans and tracks shipments of grant equipment, how title passes to the partner on arrival, and how the consolidation point and commercial air deliveries work.
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Shipping capacity building equipment
The implementing agency plans transport into the case, tracks every shipment by its own control number and warns the partner of each delivery.
02Handing over capacity building equipment
A skid count on arrival, a joint inventory against the manifest, then signatures that pass title, custody and responsibility to the partner.
03The consolidation point and delivery by air
Small items from many vendors are gathered in the United States, then a delivery team runs a fixed countdown to a commercial air delivery.
People and offices
International Training
How partner governments send people to American military schools, and what decides whether a particular person can go. Four pieces on the statutes the whole system runs on, what the grant education program pays for, who is eligible and what it will not fund, and the screening a student has to clear before a travel order is issued.
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The authorities behind international military training
The statute-first rule, the limits on what instructors may do, and the arithmetic that decides which service runs a pipeline.
02What the IMET program funds
A State Department program run with defense money, the expanded category inside it, and the four ceilings that shape a country program.
03Who may be trained, and what the program will not fund
The selection standard, the function test that decides what counts as a police unit, and the list of training the program will not pay for.
04Screening an international military student
One screening standard whoever pays, two security processes with different objects, and the deadline that moves a delivery date.
People and offices
International Students
What it takes to put one partner nation officer into an American classroom, and to keep them there. Three pieces on the travel order and the language threshold that gate attendance, the five tuition rates and the costs that sit outside them, and the allowance, healthcare and family rules that govern the stay.
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Travel orders and the English language threshold
The single document that authorizes attendance, and the test score that has to come first.
02What a training place costs
Five prices for the same classroom seat, and the larger costs that sit outside the tuition figure.
03Living allowance, healthcare and dependents
An allowance that is not pay, a medical bill that belongs to the individual, and a family rule that turns on the course.
People and offices
Offices and People
Who a partner government and a supplier actually deal with, and what those people are allowed to do. Three pieces on the office inside the embassy and the two chains of command above it, what that office will and will not do for a company, and the case manager who owns a case alongside the budget cycle that funds it.
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The security cooperation organization
One office, two chains of command, and a percentage rule that decides who pays for each desk.
02What the office does for industry
Six categories of information, one neutrality rule, and a thirty day notice most companies miss.
03The case manager and the budget cycle
One named owner, a plan the buyer is entitled to receive, and a budget prepared two years before it is spent.
People and offices
Systems and Data
Three pieces on the machinery behind the paperwork: how DSCA decides which systems get built and who approves the spending, which system a case actually lives in at each stage from DSAMS to DIFS, and where the data ends up including the SCIP portal a partner can see.
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How security cooperation systems get funded
Two boards, the BCAT thresholds, and the six phase I2P route from an idea to a funded project.
02The systems a case runs on
Written in DSAMS, executed in CISIL, MISIL, CMCS or SAMIS, billed through DIFS, reported by CPRS.
03Where the data is held, and who can see it
The SCIP portal a partner can open, Socium and SANweb behind it, and data standards enforced by funding.
People and offices
Teams in Country
Three pieces on the teams the United States deploys into a partner country: what each kind of team is and how long it may stay, how one is forecast, requested and manned before anyone travels, and who a team answers to once it arrives, including the housing, medical support, guards and drivers the manual treats as mission essential.
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The teams sent to a partner country
SCET, ETSS, CFS, TAFT, MTT, TAT and survey teams, and the 179 day line between a visit and a posting.
02How a team is asked for and manned
Forecast years ahead in the CETPP, requested on DD Form 2964, with Leahy vetting of the units taught.
03Who a deployed team answers to
Administrative control at the embassy, mission responsibility at the department, and quality of life and mission sustainment paid for differently.
People and offices
Manpower and Training Costs
Three pieces on the cost of people: the two funding sources for case related manpower and the Manpower Travel Data Sheet (MTDS) behind them, how the five tuition rates are applied and why a grant allocation changes the price of a purchase, and the Small Case Management Line (SCML) that once forced a minimum contribution out of every case.
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Who pays for the people on a case
Manpower is either recovered through the surcharge or priced as a visible line, and an MTDS proves the figures.
02How training is priced on a case
Full or incremental tuition rate depending on grant status at signature, with attrition charges built into Rate A only.
03The small case management line
An SCML topped the administrative surcharge up to fifteen thousand dollars, and once added the line can never be deleted.
People and offices
Inside the Embassy Office
Three pieces on the duties the manual places on a security cooperation office in country: its part in shaping a request and drafting the country team assessment (CTA), the SCIP access and case files it must keep, the training year it plans against an allocation that arrives late, and the classified storage, limited access authorization and foreign clearance rules it enforces.
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The embassy office and a new case
The office shapes the request, drafts the country team assessment (CTA), keeps a SCIP account and a case file, and cannot fund its own travel to a program review.
02Planning training from the embassy
Training priority codes, blanket order cases, 16 and 30 day arrival notices, and the positions of prominence list that measures a program years later.
03Security duties in the embassy office
Force protection sits with the chief of mission, classified storage has four permitted forms, foreign clearance runs through this office, and a limited access authorization is never granted for convenience.
People and offices
Regional Centers and Institutes
Four pieces on the educational and training subchapter of chapter 16 of title 10: the six regional centers for security studies, the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, the Irregular Warfare Center and Regional Defense Fellowship Program, and the State Partnership Program with multinational centers of excellence.
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The regional centers for security studies
Six named regional centers, including the Marshall and Inouye centers, run on a reimbursable basis with waivers, and IMET funds cannot pay for attendance.
02The Western Hemisphere Institute
WHINSEC trains military, law enforcement and civilian personnel of the hemisphere, with eight hours of mandatory human rights instruction for every student.
03The Irregular Warfare Center and fellowship program
The Irregular Warfare Center and the Regional Defense Fellowship Program (RDFP) train partners in irregular warfare, with fellowship spending capped at $35 million a year.
04State partnerships and centers of excellence
State Partnership Program activities with foreign militaries and responders, the $10 million cap on partner expenses, and American roles in NATO centers of excellence.
People and offices
Security Cooperation Administration
Three pieces on the administrative subchapter of chapter 16 of title 10: policy and execution responsibilities, the consolidated budget, assessment and support to other agencies, the security cooperation workforce program, and the annual country-by-country report to Congress.
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How Defense Department security cooperation is managed
One policy office and DSCA as executor, a consolidated budget and semiannual reports, published evaluations, and up to $75 million a year for other agencies.
02The security cooperation workforce
The workforce program run by DSCA and the Defense Security Cooperation University (DSCU) tracks, certifies and assigns everyone who works on security cooperation.
03The annual security cooperation report
The March 31 report sets out, country by country, the objectives, dollar amounts, counts and details of Defense Department security cooperation activities.
People and offices
Academies and Partner Schools
Two pieces on the education authorities of chapter 16 of title 10: foreign cadets, semester exchanges and cultural visits at the three service academies, and the Aviation Leadership Program, the two air forces academies, the Inter-American Defense College and the naval small craft school.
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Foreign cadets at the service academies
Up to 80 foreign cadets or midshipmen per academy, reimbursed unless waived, plus one-for-one semester exchanges and four-week cultural visits.
02Specialized schools for partner forces
Air Force pilot training and two air forces academies (IAAFA and IEAFA), support to the Inter-American Defense College, and the naval small craft school.
People and offices
Planning Grant Aid and the IMET Year
Four pieces on chapters 2 and 10 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: how a security cooperation organization plans and requests grant aid, how an IMET program moves from budget request to year-end reallocation, what IMET pays for student travel and allowances, and the program cost codes and the training IMET will not fund.
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How a security cooperation organization plans
The SCO shapes the country plan, supports the embassy’s four-year strategy and submits unconstrained grant aid requests each year.
02Planning and funding the IMET year
Two budget channels, a working group review, priority codes A, B and D, and a July review that moves unspent money to waiting training.
03IMET student travel and allowances
IMET may pay a student’s travel within set limits, with allowances on travel days, cultural events and rules for the worst case.
04IMET program costs and training it will not fund
Two fund codes support IMET as a whole, some money stays available four more years, and a table lists training IMET will not pay for.
People and offices
International Students in Practice
Four pieces on chapter 10 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: how a student’s healthcare is covered and who is responsible for it, what happens when a student goes absent or training is canceled, and what a diploma means, how records are kept and how liaison officers work.
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How a student’s healthcare is covered
A government indemnifies, pays through a sales case or proves insurance, and grant programs pay only for set kinds of care.
02Who does what on student healthcare
Responsibility for a student’s healthcare is split among several parties, each with a defined role before and during training.
03Unauthorized absence, cancellation and sanctions
An absent student triggers a set chain of notices, late cancellations cost the country money, and two loan sanctions can stop IMET training.
04Diplomas, records and liaison officers
A Defense Department diploma is not a license, only the partner nation decides who is qualified, and liaison officers work under set conditions.
People and offices
Other Training Routes
Two pieces on chapter 10 of the Security Assistance Management Manual: the exchanges, drawdowns and other authorities that provide or fund training, and observer training, on-the-job training and orientation tours.
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Other routes into American military training
Exchanges, drawdowns and Defense Department programs bring foreign personnel into American training on terms set by each authority.
02Observer training and orientation tours
Three kinds of specialized training outside formal courses, with orientation tours carrying the most detailed rules.
People and offices
Pricing Training
Five pieces on Chapter 7 of FMR Volume 15: the rules behind tuition rates, full cost and additional cost rates, dedicated programs and training teams, and the Field Studies Program and student costs.
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How tuition rates are set
Tuition follows cost, with rules for distance learning, courseware, damage to equipment and the timing of obligations.
02How a full cost tuition rate is built
Direct costs spread per student, a share of indirect costs, and the billable additions required by law or policy.
03How an additional cost tuition rate is built
Pricing only what the extra international student adds, from instructors to fuel, and when pay counts as an extra cost.
04Pricing dedicated programs and training teams
Programs built for one partner, where the authority chosen changes the price, and teams priced as a service.
05The Field Studies Program and student costs
A view of American life outside the classroom, what tuition covers, and the costs left to the student’s government.
People and offices
Training Plans and Reports
Three pieces on Chapter 10 of the SAMM: the combined training plan and the annual working group, the Foreign Military Training Report and positions of prominence, and the living allowance during training.
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How the annual training working group works
A two-year plan across all funding sources, reviewed line by line at an annual working group run by each Combatant Command.
02How the foreign military training report is built
What counts as reportable training, who records it and where, and the second report that tracks graduates in senior posts.
03The living allowance during training
When the allowance starts, the gaps in it, advances at the school, the final voucher and baggage beyond the basic count.
People and offices
Assistance Personnel and Participants
Three pieces on the Foreign Assistance Act: staffing assistance programs, missions and details abroad, and the military education and training statute.
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Staffing assistance programs
Hiring authority, Senate-confirmed officers, excepted and senior posts, staff abroad, experts and consultants, and personnel rules.
02Missions, details and coordination abroad
State supervision and chief of mission coordination, Defense responsibilities, special missions, details abroad and who pays.
03The IMET statute, exchanges and participant records
The general authority, purposes, reimbursement, reciprocal exchanges, cooperative flying training, selection and participant records.
People and offices
Contractors in Operational Areas
Five pieces on FAR 52.225-19, DFARS 252.225-7040 and 32 CFR 158.6: when the clauses apply, how deployed contractors work, conduct and rights, and medical fitness.
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When the operational area clause applies
Where the rule applies, the clause and its definitions, risk and force, support, laws to follow and requirements before deployment.
02Working under the operational area clause
Movement in and out, tracking personnel, weapons, protective gear, evacuation and recovery, next of kin, and force protection on Defense contracts.
03Supporting deployed forces under DFARS 252.225-7040
The Defense clause, accompanying the force or not, security and medical support, letters of authorization, law of war training and predeployment.
04Conduct, rights and accountability for deployed contractors
Laws and the law of war, crime reporting, nine employee rights, jurisdiction notices, processing and tracking, and personnel, equipment and weapons.
05Medical and dental fitness for deploying contractors
Fitness as a contract term, screening before deployment, what to bring, immunizations and tests, identification records, and waivers.
People and offices
Private Security Contractors
Three pieces on FAR 52.225-26, DFARS 252.225-7039 and 32 CFR part 159: private security functions, who governs security contractors, and arming procedures.
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Private security functions under the FAR and DFARS
What counts as private security, where the rules apply, contractor duties, incident reporting, investigations, remedies and the Defense clause.
02How private security contractors are governed
Purpose, whom the part binds, key definitions, limits on armed contractors, coordination and guidance, and who is responsible.
03Arming and accounting for private security personnel
Command procedures, registration and verification, how arming requests are decided, incidents and investigations, and training and control.
People and offices
Operational Contract Support
Three pieces on 32 CFR 158.1 to 158.5: the policy and contract types, CAAF and non-CAAF designation, and the legal limits and terms of the contract.
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What operational contract support means
Scope of the rule, contractors in the total force, three functions, when contracted support is used, kinds of contract, and readiness terms.
02Who counts as deployed contractor personnel
Contractor personnel and records, places and conditions, CAAF and non-CAAF, how designation is made, and isolated personnel.
03What the contract can and cannot do abroad
What the command publishes, the contract as the only legal basis, inherently governmental limits, trafficking, law of war terms and support levels.
People and offices
Contractor Deployment Cycle
Four pieces on 32 CFR 158.5: deployment processing, credentials, reception and return, government support, and tracking and personnel recovery.
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Deployment processing for contractor personnel
Theater admission, deployment centers, medical preparation and consent, training, the deployment center process, certification and waivers.
02Credentials, reception and return of contractors
The Geneva Conventions and contractors, identification cards, security clearances, reception in theater, leaving theater and return processing.
03Government support to deployed contractors
Protective equipment, clothing and uniforms, mortuary affairs, emergency medical care and its cost, primary and long-term care, and other support.
04Tracking and recovering deployed contractors
Who must be registered, local nationals and linguists, what the database does, who enters the data, letters of authorization and recovery.
People and offices
Contractor Conduct and Liability
Three pieces on 32 CFR 158.5, the Military Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Act and the Defense Base Act: discipline and arming, criminal jurisdiction and compensation.
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Discipline, force protection and arming in theater
Host nation and third country law, conduct and the representative, discipline and removal, force protection, and arming for self-defense.
02Criminal jurisdiction over contractors abroad
The offense, who counts as employed by or accompanying the force, limits on prosecution, arrest and delivery, removal and hearings, and notice.
03Workers compensation under the Defense Base Act
What the Act does, bases and public works, contracts abroad, definitions, exclusive liability and waivers, and benefits, districts and courts.
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